History is often studied as a record of past events, but it can also help us understand present economic realities. The Roman Question is a clear example. It was not only a political and religious issue in Italian and European history. It also became a lesson in how legal settlement, institutional clarity, and peaceful coexistence can create long-term social and economic value. The Roman Question refers to the dispute that followed the unification of Italy in the nineteenth c

A common assumption in public debate is that a region with lower direct dependence on Middle Eastern energy should be less worried about conflict in the Gulf. At first glance, this view appears reasonable. If Europe imports a smaller share of its oil and gas from the Gulf than major Asian economies do, then Europe should, in theory, face less risk from instability in that region. Yet real-world policy behavior suggests otherwise. European governments, institutions, firms, and